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  • High throughput sequencing (High-throughput sequencing), also known as "next generation" sequencing, which can sequence hundreds of thousands to millions of DNA molecules in parallel.
  • Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (PCR) is a method of adding fluorescent groups to PCR reaction system and using fluorescence signal accumulation to real-time monitor the total amount of products after each (PCR) cycle of polymerase
  • The small RNA is the regulating RNA with molecule of 1928 nt, which mainly includes micro RNA (micro RNA,miRNA) and small interference RNA (short interfering RNA,siRNA).
  • SiRNA is a small RNA with molecule of ~ 21-25 nucleotides, which is produced by Dicera specific enzymeto double stranded RNA in the RNAaseⅢ family.
  • SNP, is called single nucleotide polymorphism, which mainly refers to the DNA sequence polymorphism caused by single nucleotide variation at the genomic level.
  • DNA methylation is refer to change 5’cytosineof CpG dinucleotide to methylcytosine through induced by DNA methyltransferase (DNMTs) , and is one of the earliest approaches.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis is the introduction of desired changes (usually changes in the favorable direction) into the desired DNA fragments (either genome or plasmid) by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
  • Vector construction is to transport the target DNA molecule to the recipient cells, so we must find a carrier that can enter the cell and load the foreign DNA fragment into the cell, and still copy it in the same way.
  • Western blotting is an important technique used in cell and molecular biology. By using a western blot, researchers are able to identify specific proteins from a complex mixture of proteins extracted from cells
  • Autophagy or autophagocytosis: also known as type II cell death, is a process in which cells degrade their damaged organelles and macromolecules by using lysosomes under the regulation of autophagy related gene (ATG).